INTRODUCTION

Course: 

Diagnostic Radiography

Group Members :

Elizabeth, Ayuni, Allan, Russell, Stephanie, Syaiful (left to right)

Introduction:

Our group will be researching on whether the length of our feet has a relationship with the length of our forearm. According to body proportions, it is believed that the length of your forearm would be equivalent to the length of your foot. Through this project , we would like to find out if this belief is true.

Importance of study:
This science has been extremely useful over the years in such areas as clothing design,forensics,and studies of human migration patterns over time.

Hypothesis:

H0 : There is no significant relationship between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm

H1: There is a positive relationship between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm

Variables and Rationale : 

Independent variable:Length of forearm

Dependent variable: Length of foot

Extraneous Variables: Gender,Age, Temperature, Medical Conditions 

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Vitruvian Man's proportions The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the famed architect, Vitruvius Pollio. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper and measures 34.4 cm × 25.5 cm (13.5 in × 10.0 in), depicts a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy, and, like most works on paper, is displayed only occasionally. The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise "De Architectura". Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. Other artists had attempted to depict this concept, with less success. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect. In "De Architectura" at 3.1.2-3 Vitruvius Pollio writes: For the human body is so designed by nature that the face, from the chin to the top of the forehead and the lowest roots of the hair, is a tenth part of the whole height; the open hand from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger is just the same; the head from the chin to the crown is an eighth, and with the neck and shoulder from the top of the breast to the lowest roots of the hair is a sixth; from the middle of the breast to the summit of the crown is a fourth. If we take the height of the face itself, the distance from the bottom of the chin to the underside of the nostrils is one third of it; the nose from the underside of the nostrils to a line between the eyebrows is the same; from there to the lowest roots of the hair is also a third, comprising the forehead. The length of the foot is one sixth of the height of the body; of the forearm, one fourth; and the breadth of the breast is also one fourth. Reference: http://www.davincithevilla.com/vitruvproportions.htm

METHODOLOGY

The subject was asked to sit on a chair.
He was then asked to stretch out his forearm fully.
Following that, his forearm was ensured to be placed flat on the table.
Then a measuring tape was used to measure the length of the forearm, i.e. from the wrist to the mid elbow.

The subject was asked to stand with back against the wall.
The back of the foot was ensured to be against the wall.
The measuring tape was placed on the floor next to the foot on the lateral side.
The foot was measured from the heel to the longest toe.
A ruler was placed at the tip of the longest toe (big toe for most) to ensure that the measurement was taken correctly. Hence eliminating parallax error.

This is the survey form that we helped the participants to fill in their datas.

A sample of 30 people were surveyed. Several details were taken into consideration. They included the gender, age, length of left foot (centimetres) and lenght of left forearm (centimetres).For the length of the foot, the person's foot was measured from the tip of the longest toe to the edge of the foot. As for the length of the forearm, the measurement was taken from the wrist to the middle of the elbow, in the middle of the cubital fossa.A measuring tape was used to measure the readings.Only one measurement was taken for each individual.No rejection was done.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

This is the Data that we have obtained from our participants .

Variable	Data type
Length of foot	Scale
Length of forearm	Scale

The proposed statistical technique to test for H0 is Pearson's R as it involves in finding the relationship between two scale data type.

SCATTER PLOT

We will first examine the scatter plot to ascertain if the relationship is linear.

Fig1:Scatter plot

The scatter plot appears to follow a general positive linear trend.There is no violation of the linearity assumption.

CROSSTABS

Symmetric Measures
		Value	Asymp. Std. Errora	Approx. Tb	Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval	Pearson's R	.593	.159	3.893	.001c
Ordinal by Ordinal	Spearman Correlation	.614	.158	4.113	.000c
N of Valid Cases		30
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on normal approximation.

RESULTS:
There is positive,moderate and significant association between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm. (r=0.593, p<0.05, N=30) Since P<0.05, we reject H0 and conclude that there is a positive relationship between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm.

After knowing that there is a positive relationship between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm, we will now determine whether this relationship is the same for both males and females.

 CROSSTABS ( With gender)

Fig 2: Scatter plot taking into account sex

CROSSTABS

Symmetric Measures
What is your gender?			Value	Asymp. Std. Errora	Approx. Tb	Approx. Sig.
female	Interval by Interval	Pearson's R	.405	.239	1.468	.170c
	Ordinal by Ordinal	Spearman Correlation	.247	.298	.844	.417c
	N of Valid Cases		13
male	Interval by Interval	Pearson's R	.485	.267	2.147	.049c
	Ordinal by Ordinal	Spearman Correlation	.675	.168	3.545	.003c
	N of Valid Cases		17
Total	Interval by Interval	Pearson's R	.593	.159	3.893	.001c
	Ordinal by Ordinal	Spearman Correlation	.614	.158	4.113	.000c
	N of Valid Cases		30
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on normal approximation. RESULT: There is a positive,moderate and significant associations between the length of foot and the length of forearm for male but not for female. The association for male is r=0.485,p=0.049<0.05,n=17. While the association for female is r=0.405, p=0.170>0.05 , N=13.  For male, since P<0.05 , we reject H0 and conclude that there is a positive relationship between the length of foot and length of forearm.  For female, since P>0.05 , we do not reject H0 and conclude that there is no positive relationship between the length of the foot and forearm . However, due to our small sample size with male and female participants <30 , our results may not be accurate.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion
Following our experiments, we can conclude that there is a positive, moderate and significant relationship between the length of the foot and the length of the forearm.

However, after separating the cases into their respective genders, we found out that this applies more to males compared to females. From the different p values achieved(0.049 for males and 0.170 for females), the value for males is below 0.05 while the value for females is more than 0.05.

Therefore, while we could reject H0 for males, thus confirming our hypothesis, H0 for females could not be rejected. However, one thing to consider is our small sample size. Other factors that could influence our conclusion is ethnicity and age group.

In conclusion, although the length of a forearm may not be equal to to the length of a foot, it is similar and more accurate, especially for males.